Exploratory Data Analysis

Table of Contents¶

Description and Deliverables
Data Dictionary
Descriptive Statistics
- Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Insights

Description and Deliverables¶

The hypothetical HR department at the fictional Salifort Motors collected employee data to improve satisfaction. They requested data-driven suggestions based on an analysis of this data. The main question is: what factors are likely to make an employee leave the company?

The goal of this project is to analyze the data and build a model to predict employee attrition. By identifying which employees are likely to leave, it may be possible to determine the factors contributing to their departure. The model should be interpretable so HR can design targeted interventions to improve retention. Improving retention can reduce the costs associated with hiring and training new employees.

Stakeholders:
The primary stakeholder is the Human Resources (HR) department, as they will use the results to inform retention strategies. Secondary stakeholders include C-suite executives who oversee company direction, managers implementing day-to-day retention efforts, employees (whose experiences and outcomes are directly affected), and, indirectly, customers—since employee satisfaction can impact customer satisfaction.

Ethical Considerations:

Ensure employee data privacy and confidentiality throughout the analysis.
Avoid introducing or perpetuating bias in model predictions (e.g., not unfairly targeting specific groups).
Maintain transparency in how predictions are generated and how they will be used in HR decision-making.

This page summarizes the first part of the project: exploratory data analysis.¶

Data Dictionary¶

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The dataset contains 15,000 rows and 10 columns for the variables listed below.

Note: For more information about the data, refer to its source on Kaggle.

Variable	Description
satisfaction_level	Employee-reported job satisfaction level [0–1]
last_evaluation	Score of employee's last performance review [0–1]
number_project	Number of projects employee contributes to
average_monthly_hours	Average number of hours employee worked per month
time_spend_company	How long the employee has been with the company (years)
Work_accident	Whether or not the employee experienced an accident while at work
left	Whether or not the employee left the company
promotion_last_5years	Whether or not the employee was promoted in the last 5 years
Department	The employee's department
salary	The employee's salary (U.S. dollars)

Descriptive Statistics¶

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Initial Data Observations:

The workforce displays moderate satisfaction and generally high performance reviews.
Typical tenure is 3–4 years, with most employees (98%) not promoted recently.
Workplace accidents are relatively rare (14%).
Most employees are in lower salary bands and concentrated in sales, technical, and support roles.
About 24% of employees have left the company.
No extreme outliers, though a few employees have unusually long tenures or high monthly hours.

Note: During initial data exploration, several basic data cleaning steps were taken. Columns were renamed to standardized snake_case format for consistency and easier coding. I confirmed there were no missing values, reducing the risk of bias or errors. Outliers were explored but not removed at this stage; they will be addressed as needed during modeling.

Most importantly, there were 3,008 duplicate rows in the dataset. Since it is highly improbable for two employees to have identical responses across all columns, these duplicate entries were removed from the analysis.

Display the first few rows of data:

	satisfaction_level	last_evaluation	number_project	average_montly_hours	time_spend_company	left	Department	salary
0	0.38	0.53	2	157	3	1	sales	low
1	0.80	0.86	5	262	6	1	sales	medium
2	0.11	0.88	7	272	4	1	sales	medium
3	0.72	0.87	5	223	5	1	sales	low
4	0.37	0.52	2	159	3	1	sales	low

And the descriptive statistics:

	satisfaction_level	last_evaluation	number_project	average_montly_hours	time_spend_company	Work_accident	left	promotion_last_5years
count	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000	14999.000000
mean	0.612834	0.716102	3.803054	201.050337	3.498233	0.144610	0.238083	0.021268
std	0.248631	0.171169	1.232592	49.943099	1.460136	0.351719	0.425924	0.144281
min	0.090000	0.360000	2.000000	96.000000	2.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
25%	0.440000	0.560000	3.000000	156.000000	3.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
50%	0.640000	0.720000	4.000000	200.000000	3.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
75%	0.820000	0.870000	5.000000	245.000000	4.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
max	1.000000	1.000000	7.000000	310.000000	10.000000	1.000000	1.000000	1.000000

Department value counts and percent:

	Count	Percent
Department
sales	4140	27.60
technical	2720	18.13
support	2229	14.86
IT	1227	8.18
product_mng	902	6.01
marketing	858	5.72
RandD	787	5.25
accounting	767	5.11
hr	739	4.93
management	630	4.20

Salary value counts and percent:

	Count	Percent
salary
low	7316	48.78
medium	6446	42.98
high	1237	8.25

Observations from descriptive statistics¶

satisfaction_level: Employee job satisfaction scores range from 0.09 to 1.0, with an average of about 0.61. The distribution is fairly wide (std ≈ 0.25), suggesting a mix of satisfied and dissatisfied employees.
last_evaluation: Performance review scores are generally high (mean ≈ 0.72), ranging from 0.36 to 1.0, with most employees scoring above 0.56.
number_project: Employees typically work on 2 to 7 projects, with a median of 4 projects.
average_monthly_hours: The average employee works about 201 hours per month, with a range from 96 to 310 hours, indicating some employees work significantly more than others.
time_spend_company: Most employees have been with the company for 2 to 10 years, with a median of 3 years. There are a few long-tenure employees (up to 10 years), but most are around 3–4 years.
Work_accident: About 14% of employees have experienced a workplace accident.
left: About 24% of employees have left the company (mean ≈ 0.24), so roughly one in four employees in the dataset is a leaver.
promotion_last_5years: Very few employees (about 2%) have been promoted in the last five years.
department: The largest departments are sales, technical, and support, which together account for over half of the workforce. Other departments are notably smaller.
salary: Most employees are in the low (49%) or medium (43%) salary bands, with only a small proportion (8%) in the high salary band.

Summary:
The data shows a workforce with moderate satisfaction, generally high performance reviews, and a typical tenure of 3–4 years. Most employees have not been promoted recently, and workplace accidents are relatively uncommon. Most employees are in lower salary bands and concentrated in sales, technical, and support roles. There is a notable proportion of employees who have left. There are no extreme outliers, but a few employees have unusually long tenures or high monthly hours.

‣ Outliers¶

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Note that long-term employees—those at the company for over five years—are outliers in the data.

Note that employees with unusually high average monthly hours or an exceptionally high or low number of projects may also be considered outliers. These cases are not obvious in overall summary statistics or aggregate plots, as their effect is diluted by the much larger group of typical employees. Aggregate statistics alone can mask important subgroup dynamics. These subgroups will become apparent.

Number of tenure outliers: 824

Outliers percentage of total: 6.87%

Some models are more sensitive to outliers than others. For the logistic regression model, tenure outliers will be removed.

Exploratory Data Analysis¶

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First, look at the distribution of employees who left versus those who stayed.

	Count	Percent
Stayed	10000	83.4
Left	1991	16.6

‣ Summary of EDA¶

Two major groups of employees left the company:
- Overworked and Miserable: These employees had low satisfaction but were assigned a high number of projects (6–7) and worked 250–300 hours per month. Notably, 100% of employees with 7 projects left.
- Underworked and Dissatisfied: These employees had low satisfaction and worked fewer hours and projects. They may have been fired. Alternately, they may have given notice or had already mentally checked out and were assigned less work.

Employees working on 3–4 projects generally stayed. Most groups worked more than a typical 40-hour workweek.

Attrition is highest at the 4–5 year mark, with a sharp drop-off in departures after 5 years. This suggests a critical window for retention efforts. Employees who make it past 5 years are much more likely to stay.

Both leavers and stayers tend to have similar evaluation scores, though some employees with high evaluations still leave—often those who are overworked. This suggests that strong performance alone does not guarantee retention if other factors (like satisfaction or workload) are problematic.

Relationships Between Variables:

Satisfaction level is the strongest predictor of attrition. Employees who left had much lower satisfaction than those who stayed.
Number of projects and average monthly hours show a non-linear relationship: both underworked and overworked employees are more likely to leave, while those with a moderate workload tend to stay.
Employee evaluation (last performance review) has a weaker relationship with attrition compared to satisfaction or workload.
Tenure shows a moderate relationship with attrition: employees are most likely to leave at the 4–5 year mark, with departures dropping sharply after 5 years.
Promotion in the last 5 years is rare, and lack of promotion is associated with higher attrition.
Department and salary have only minor effects on attrition compared to satisfaction and workload.
Work accidents are slightly associated with lower attrition, possibly due to increased support after an incident.

Distributions in the Data:

Most variables (satisfaction, evaluation, monthly hours) are broadly distributed, with some skewness.
Tenure is concentrated around 3–4 years, with few employees beyond 5 years.
Number of projects is typically 3–4, but a small group has 6–7 projects (most of whom left).
Salary is heavily skewed toward low and medium bands.
There are no extreme outliers, but a few employees have unusually high tenure or monthly hours.

Ethical Considerations:

Ensure employee data privacy and confidentiality.
Avoid introducing or perpetuating bias in analysis or modeling.
Be transparent about how findings and predictions will be used.
Consider the impact of recommendations on employee well-being and fairness.

Note:
This data is clearly synthetic—it's too clean, and the clusters in the charts are much neater than what you’d see in real-world HR data.

‣ Summary Visualizations¶

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Visualizing Feature Distributions and Relationships by Employee Attrition¶

These are overview plots that provide a broad look at the data. After these, we’ll focus on individual features in more detail. The goal here is to give an initial sense of the dataset’s structure and key patterns.

Pairplots show the relationships between features, with the diagonal displaying each feature’s distribution.

Boxplots summarize the overall distribution of each feature. However, as noted earlier, aggregate plots can sometimes hide important subgroups or outliers.

Violin plots are especially useful here, as they reveal the presence of distinct subgroups. For example, in satisfaction_level, you can see the extremely miserable and somewhat dissatisfied employees, along with those who left for more typical reasons. In last_evaluation and average_monthly_hours, employees who left cluster at both extremes, while those who stayed are more evenly distributed. For number_project, leavers are concentrated at both the low and high ends, and for tenure, there is a noticeable spike in departures around the 4–5 year mark.

Finally, we include histograms for each feature—first normalized (to compare proportions between leavers and stayers), and then as raw counts.

Raw counts:

‣ Satisfaction Levels¶

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These visualizations dramatically illustrate the two main clusters of employees who left.¶

There are two prominent clusters among employees who left: one group with very low satisfaction who worked long hours, and another group who worked fewer than 40 hours per week and reported moderate dissatisfaction.

The pattern is similar among employees who left: those with very low satisfaction often received high evaluations, while those with moderate dissatisfaction tended to have realtively low evaluation scores.

	Mean	Median
left
Stayed	0.667365	0.69
Left	0.440271	0.41

Employees who left were, on average, 22.7% less satisfied (mean) and 28% less satisfied (median) than those who stayed.

‣ Tenure¶

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Employees especially quit at the 4 and 5 year mark. Almost nobody quits after 5 years.

	Tenure	Left	Count	Percent
0	2	Stayed	2879	98.934708
1	2	Left	31	1.065292
2	3	Stayed	4316	83.159923
3	3	Left	874	16.840077
4	4	Stayed	1510	75.311721
5	4	Left	495	24.688279
6	5	Stayed	580	54.613936
7	5	Left	482	45.386064
8	6	Stayed	433	79.889299
9	6	Left	109	20.110701
10	7	Stayed	94	100.000000
11	7	Left	0	0.000000
12	8	Stayed	81	100.000000
13	8	Left	0	0.000000
14	10	Stayed	107	100.000000
15	10	Left	0	0.000000

A band of employees with low satisfaction is especially evident at four years of tenure.

There is a clear grouping of leavers who consistently worked long hours (i.e., many in excess of a 60-hour work week). In fact, most employees at this company work above a standard 40-hour work week.

‣ Number of Projects¶

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Item	number_project	left	Count	Percent
0	2	Left	857.0	54.17
1	2	Stayed	725.0	45.83
2	3	Left	38.0	1.08
3	3	Stayed	3482.0	98.92
4	4	Left	237.0	6.43
5	4	Stayed	3448.0	93.57
6	5	Left	343.0	15.36
7	5	Stayed	1890.0	84.64
8	6	Left	371.0	44.92
9	6	Stayed	455.0	55.08
10	7	Left	145.0	100.00
11	7	Stayed	0.0	0.00

The number of projects is a strong predictor of attrition. Employees at both the low and high extremes are more likely to leave, and notably, all employees with 7 projects left the company.

There are no notable outliers among employees who stayed. Among those who left, both overworked and underworked patterns are evident, as well as a group who left for more typical reasons. Interestingly, a few employees with 7 projects reported unusually low monthly hours, which may indicate data anomalies or unique circumstances.

Among employees who left, dissatisfaction is most evident for those assigned a very high number of projects. Conversely, those with fewer projects also show signs of lower satisfaction, possibly indicating disengagement.

There are no clear patterns linking number of projects, salary, and attrition. However, the relatively small group of high-salaried employees tends to fall in the middle range for number of projects.

‣ Salary & Promotions¶

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Salary does not show a discernible relationship with attrition; the 'high' salary group is much smaller than the others by an order of magnitude, limiting its impact on overall trends.

Item	salary	Left	Count	Percent
0	high	Left	48.0	4.85
1	high	Stayed	942.0	95.15
2	low	Left	1174.0	20.45
3	low	Stayed	4566.0	79.55
4	medium	Left	769.0	14.62
5	medium	Stayed	4492.0	85.38

Promotions¶

Promotions were rare and, notably, all of the employees with the highest workload left.

‣ Work Accident¶

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Item	work_accident	left	Count	Percent
0	No	Left	1886.0	18.60
1	No	Stayed	8255.0	81.40
2	Yes	Left	105.0	5.68
3	Yes	Stayed	1745.0	94.32

Somewhat unexpectedly, having a work accident is associated with a lower likelihood of leaving. This could suggest that employees who experience an accident may receive increased support or attention from HR or the company, which encourages them to stay. However, this association could also be coincidental.

‣ Department¶

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Department-level attrition closely matches the overall stay/leave split (83%/17%), suggesting department itself is not a major factor. More granular data (e.g., by manager or team) might uncover specific problem areas, but nothing stands out in the current breakdown.

Item	department	Left	Count	Percent
0	IT	Left	158.0	16.19
1	IT	Stayed	818.0	83.81
2	RandD	Left	85.0	12.25
3	RandD	Stayed	609.0	87.75
4	accounting	Left	109.0	17.55
5	accounting	Stayed	512.0	82.45
6	hr	Left	113.0	18.80
7	hr	Stayed	488.0	81.20
8	management	Left	52.0	11.93
9	management	Stayed	384.0	88.07
10	marketing	Left	112.0	16.64
11	marketing	Stayed	561.0	83.36
12	product_mng	Left	110.0	16.03
13	product_mng	Stayed	576.0	83.97
14	sales	Left	550.0	16.98
15	sales	Stayed	2689.0	83.02
16	support	Left	312.0	17.13
17	support	Stayed	1509.0	82.87
18	technical	Left	390.0	17.38
19	technical	Stayed	1854.0	82.62

‣ Correlation Matrix¶

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The correlation matrix shows no strong multicollinearity among the features, meaning the variables are not highly redundant. Employee attrition (leaving) is most strongly and negatively correlated with satisfaction level, indicating that less satisfied employees are more likely to leave. There are moderate positive correlations between leaving and variables such as average monthly hours, last evaluation, and number of projects, suggesting that higher values in these features are associated with a greater likelihood of attrition.

Insights¶

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The data suggests significant challenges with employee retention at this company. Two main groups of leavers emerge:

Underutilized and Dissatisfied: Employees in this category worked on fewer projects and logged fewer hours than a typical full-time schedule, and reported lower satisfaction. These individuals may have been disengaged, assigned less work as they prepared to leave, or potentially subject to layoffs or terminations.
Overworked and Burned Out: The second group managed a high number of projects (up to 7) and worked exceptionally long hours—sometimes nearing 80 hours per week. These employees exhibited very low satisfaction and rarely received promotions, suggesting that high demands without recognition or advancement led to burnout and resignation.

A majority of the workforce greatly exceeds the typical 40-hour work week (160–184 hours per month), pointing to a workplace culture that expects long hours. The combination of high workload and limited opportunities for advancement likely fuels dissatisfaction and increases the risk of turnover.

Performance evaluations show only a weak link to attrition; both those who left and those who stayed received similar review scores. This indicates that strong performance alone does not guarantee retention, especially if employees are overworked or lack opportunities for growth.

Other variables—such as department, salary, and work accidents—do not show strong predictive value for employee churn compared to satisfaction and workload. Overall, the data points to issues with workload management and limited career progression as the main factors driving employee turnover at this company.

On to Part 2
Model Construction